Topics for Replication, Transcription, Translation, DNA Structure Test on Thurs 3/6.

3.4  Replication
3.4.1  Explain DNA replication in terms of unwinding the double helix and separation of the strands by helicase, followed by formation of the new complementary strands by DNA polymerase.
3.4.2 Explain the significance of complementary base pairing in the conservation of the base sequence of DNA.
3.4.3 State that DNA replication is semi-conservative.

3.5 Transcription and translation
3.5.1 Compare the structure of RNA and DNA.
3.5.2 Outline DNA transcription in terms of the formation of an RNA strand complementary to the DNA strand by RNA polymerase.
3.5.3 Describe the genetic code in terms of codons composed of triplets of bases.
3.5.4 Explain the process of translation, leading to polypeptide formation.
3.5.5 Discuss the relationship between one gene and one polypeptide.

Topic 7: Nucleic acids and proteins
7.1 DNA structure
7.1.1 Describe the structure of DNA, including the antiparallel strands, 3’–5’ linkages and hydrogen bonding between purines and pyrimidines.
7.1.2 Outline the structure of nucleosomes.
7.1.3 State that nucleosomes help to supercoil chromosomes and help to regulate transcription.
7.1.4 Distinguish between unique or single-copy genes and highly repetitive sequences in nuclear DNA.
7.1.5 State that eukaryotic genes can contain exons and introns.

7.2 DNA replication
7.2.1 State that DNA replication occurs in a 5' to 3' direction.
7.2.2 Explain the process of DNA replication in prokaryotes, including the role of enzymes (helicase, DNA polymerase, RNA primase and DNA ligase), Okazaki fragments and deoxynucleoside triphosphates.
7.2.3 State that DNA replication is initiated at many points in eukaryotic chromosomes.

7.3 Transcription
 7.3.1 State that transcription is carried out in a 5' to 3' direction.
7.3.2 Distinguish between the sense and antisense strands of DNA.
7.3.3 Explain the process of transcription in prokaryotes, including the role of the promoter region, RNA polymerase, nucleoside triphosphates and the terminator.
7.3.4 State that eukaryotic RNA needs the removal of introns to form mature mRNA.

7.4 Translation
7.4.1 Explain that each tRNA molecule is recognized by a tRNA-activating enzyme that binds a specific amino acid to the tRNA, using ATP for energy.
7.4.2 Outline the structure of ribosomes, including protein and RNA composition, large and small subunits, three tRNA binding sites and mRNA binding sites.
7.4.3 State that translation consists of initiation, elongation, translocation and termination.
7.4.4 State that translation occurs in a 5' to 3' direction.
7.4.5 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a peptide bond between two amino acids.
7.4.6 Explain the process of translation, including ribosomes, polysomes, start codons and stop codons.
7.4.7 State that free ribosomes synthesize proteins for use primarily within the cell, and that bound ribosomes synthesize proteins primarily for secretion or for lysosomes.